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End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), also known as kidney failure, marks the final phase of chronic kidney disease (CKD) where the kidneys can no longer perform their necessary functions independently. At this stage, dialysis or a kidney transplant becomes essential for survival.
Symptoms of ESKD may occur due to the accumulation of waste products and/or excess water in the body as the kidneys lose their filtering ability. These symptoms typically become more apparent as the disease progresses to its final stage.
An important symptom of ESKD is the change in amount of urine output. This can manifest as a significant reduction or, in some cases, a complete cessation, of urine production, which is medically known as anuria. This symptom is particularly noticeable because it directly relates to the primary function of the kidneys -- the filtration and excretion of bodily wastes through urine.
Other common symptoms of ESRD include:
The leading causes of ESKD are diabetes and high blood pressure. Other causes or risk factors include:
The complications associated with end-stage renal disease are numerous and often severe, impacting various systems and functions within the body. They include:
Prevention strategies focus on controlling diseases that can lead to ESKD, such as diabetes and hypertension. This includes maintaining healthy blood sugar levels, managing blood pressure, leading a healthy lifestyle with the appropriate diet and exercise, and regular check-ups to monitor kidney function, especially for those at higher risk.
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